[Python] 가상환경 만들기 (virtualenv 설치, 생성, 활성화, 제거)

virtualenv vs venv

• venv는 표준 라이브러리라 설치 불필요하지만 virtualenv는 외부 라이브러리로 별도 설치 필요
• 속도: virtualenv가 더 빠름
• 확장성: virtualenv가 더 좋음
• virtualenv는 python 버전이 다른 가상환경을 만들 수 있지만 venv는 불가능
• virtualenv는 pip 업그레이드 가능하나 venv는 불가능

→ virtualenv가 더 좋아보여서 virtualenv를 사용하기로 했다.

 

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1. virtualenv 설치

[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ python3 -m pip install --user -U virtualenv
Collecting virtualenv
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/18/a2/7931d40ecb02b5236a34ac53770f2f6931e3082b7a7dafe915d892d749d6/virtualenv-20.17.1-py3-none-any.whl (8.8MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 8.9MB 117kB/s 
Collecting importlib-metadata>=4.8.3; python_version < "3.8" (from virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/a1/b153a0a4caf7a7e3f15c2cd56c7702e2cf3d89b1b359d1f1c5e59d68f4ce/importlib_metadata-4.8.3-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting filelock<4,>=3.4.1 (from virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/84/ce/8916d10ef537f3f3b046843255f9799504aa41862bfa87844b9bdc5361cd/filelock-3.4.1-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting distlib<1,>=0.3.6 (from virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/cb/6bbd2b10170ed991cf64e8c8b85e01f2fb38f95d1bc77617569e0b0b26ac/distlib-0.3.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (468kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 471kB 1.8MB/s 
Collecting platformdirs<3,>=2.4 (from virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b1/78/dcfd84d3aabd46a9c77260fb47ea5d244806e4daef83aa6fe5d83adb182c/platformdirs-2.4.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting importlib-resources>=5.4; python_version < "3.7" (from virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/24/1b/33e489669a94da3ef4562938cd306e8fa915e13939d7b8277cb5569cb405/importlib_resources-5.4.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting typing-extensions>=3.6.4; python_version < "3.8" (from importlib-metadata>=4.8.3; python_version < "3.8"->virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/45/6b/44f7f8f1e110027cf88956b59f2fad776cca7e1704396d043f89effd3a0e/typing_extensions-4.1.1-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata>=4.8.3; python_version < "3.8"->virtualenv)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/bd/df/d4a4974a3e3957fd1c1fa3082366d7fff6e428ddb55f074bf64876f8e8ad/zipp-3.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: typing-extensions, zipp, importlib-metadata, filelock, distlib, platformdirs, importlib-resources, virtualenv
Successfully installed distlib-0.3.6 filelock-3.4.1 importlib-metadata-4.8.3 importlib-resources-5.4.0 platformdirs-2.4.0 typing-extensions-4.1.1 virtualenv-20.17.1 zipp-3.6.0

 

2. 가상환경 만들기

생성하고자 하는 경로로 이동 후 아래 명령어 수행

# python3 -m virtualenv "가상환경명"
[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ python3 -m virtualenv testenv
created virtual environment CPython3.6.8.final.0-64 in 6112ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/home/testuser/testenv, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/home/testuser/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==21.3.1, setuptools==59.6.0, wheel==0.37.1
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator

완료되면 해당 경로에 "가상환경명"으로 디렉토리가 생긴다.

[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ ll ./testenv/*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 206  5월 16 06:16 ./testenv/pyvenv.cfg

./testenv/bin:
합계 56
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 2145  5월 16 06:16 activate
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 1437  5월 16 06:16 activate.csh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 3022  5월 16 06:16 activate.fish
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 3333  5월 16 06:16 activate.nu
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 1754  5월 16 06:16 activate.ps1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 testuser testuser 1208  5월 16 06:16 activate_this.py
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  242  5월 16 06:16 pip
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  242  5월 16 06:16 pip-3.6
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  242  5월 16 06:16 pip3
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  242  5월 16 06:16 pip3.6
lrwxrwxrwx 1 testuser testuser   16  5월 16 06:16 python -> /usr/bin/python3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 testuser testuser    6  5월 16 06:16 python3 -> python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 testuser testuser    6  5월 16 06:16 python3.6 -> python
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  229  5월 16 06:16 wheel
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  229  5월 16 06:16 wheel-3.6
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  229  5월 16 06:16 wheel3
-rwxrwxr-x 1 testuser testuser  229  5월 16 06:16 wheel3.6

./testenv/lib:
합계 0
drwxrwxr-x 3 testuser testuser 27  5월 16 06:16 python3.6

./testenv/lib64:
합계 0
drwxrwxr-x 3 testuser testuser 27  5월 16 06:16 python3.6

 

3. 가상환경 활성화/비활성화

# 활성화
[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ source testenv/bin/activate
(testenv) [testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ 

# 비활성화
(testenv) [testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ deactivate
[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$

 

4. 가상환경 삭제

삭제 시에는 디렉토리를 삭제해주면 된다.

[testuser@test-server-1 ~]$ rm -r testenv